What Is Leptospirosis
Most dog owners have never heard of leptospirosis, or it sounds familiar, but they’re not sure what it is. Leptospirosis is a bacterial organism that can cause liver and kidney failure in dogs and can be contracted by humans. Leptospira is most commonly found in wet environments and is frequently shed in wildlife's urine.
Your dog can be infected with leptospires either directly through infected tissue (i.e., a dead animal) or secretions (most commonly urine) and can also be contracted through indirect contact from contaminated water, soil, or food. Common routes of infection include drinking contaminated water or entering the body through a cut or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth). Once leptospires enter the environment, they can live for months in the soil and are easily washed into bodies of water, including puddles.
Diagnosing Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis in dogs can be hard to diagnose because the clinical signs are often nonspecific. Common clinical signs include lethargy, fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weakness. Elevated kidney and/or liver values are often seen on bloodwork. Your veterinarian may be suspicious of leptospirosis based on clinical signs, vaccination status, and the likelihood of your dog being exposed to it. If your veterinarian suspects leptospirosis, they will probably recommend specialized blood and urine testing.
Treatment For Leptospirosis
If your dog is positive for leptospirosis, antibiotic treatment will be started since it is a bacterial disease. Additional treatment will be needed if there is kidney or liver injury, which may include hospitalization with supportive care. Your veterinarian may also recommend that you contact your physician about possible exposure. The sooner leptospirosis is diagnosed and treated, the better the chance of recovery.
There are many different serovars (strains) of leptospira.
Vaccines that protect against the four most common serovars that cause leptospirosis in dogs are available. However, no vaccine is 100% effective, and your dog could come into contact with a less common serovar. Therefore, when possible, limit your dog’s contact with dead animals, wildlife, and stagnant water.
When detected early, leptospirosis can have a good outcome with proper treatment and supportive care. Discuss with your veterinarian if your dog is at risk and if vaccination is appropriate. Leptospirosis can be fatal, and you could get infected by your dog.
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